Kwenikweni, chida cha makina ndi chida cha makina owongolera njira yopangira zida - osati mwachindunji, chitsogozo chamanja, monga zida zamanja ndi pafupifupi zida zonse za anthu, mpaka anthu atapanga chida cha makina.
Kuwongolera manambala (NC) kumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro osinthika (zambiri mumtundu wa zilembo, manambala, zizindikilo, mawu kapena kuphatikiza) kuti aziwongolera zokha zida zamakina. Zisanawonekere, zida zogwirira ntchito nthawi zonse zimayendetsedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pamanja.
Kuwongolera manambala apakompyuta (CNC) kumatanthauza kutumiza malangizo osungidwa molondola kwa microprocessor mu makina owongolera zida, kuti apititse patsogolo kulondola komanso kusasinthika. CNC imene anthu amakamba masiku ano pafupifupi onse amanena makina mphero olumikizidwa kwa makompyuta. Mwaukadaulo, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza makina aliwonse omwe amayendetsedwa ndi kompyuta.
M'zaka zapitazi, zopanga zambiri zayala maziko opangira zida zamakina a CNC. Apa, tikuwona zinthu zinayi zofunika pakukula kwaukadaulo wowongolera manambala: zida zamakina oyambilira, makhadi ankhonya, makina a servo ndi chilankhulo chopangira pulogalamu (APT).
Zida zoyambira makina
Panthawi yachiwiri ya kusintha kwa mafakitale ku Britain, James Watt adayamikiridwa chifukwa chopanga injini ya nthunzi yomwe inayambitsa kusintha kwa mafakitale, koma anakumana ndi zovuta kupanga makina olondola a injini za nthunzi mpaka 1775, John Johnwilkinson adapanga makina omwe amadziwika kuti ndi makina oyambirira padziko lapansi. kwa ma silinda otopetsa a injini ya nthunzi ndipo adathetsedwa. Makina otopetsa awa adapangidwanso ndi Wilkinson kutengera mizinga yake yoyambirira;
Punch card
Mu 1725, Basile bouchon, wogwira ntchito nsalu wa ku France, adatulukira njira yowongolera zida zoluka pogwiritsa ntchito ma encoded data pamatepi amapepala kudzera pamabowo angapo. Ngakhale kuti ndizochepa, kuipa kwa njirayi kukuwonekeranso, ndiko kuti, kumafunikirabe ogwira ntchito. Mu 1805, Joseph Marie Jacquard adatengera lingaliro ili, koma lidalimbikitsidwa ndi kuphweka pogwiritsa ntchito makadi okhomerera amphamvu omwe adakonzedwa motsatizana, potero amangopanga njirayo. Makhadi okhomedwawa amaonedwa mofala kukhala maziko a makompyuta amakono ndi chizindikiro cha kutha kwa ntchito yoluka zamanja m’nyumba.
Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, nsalu za jacquard zinali zokanidwa ndi oluka silika panthaŵiyo, amene ankada nkhaŵa kuti makina opangira makinawa angawalepheretse kugwira ntchito ndi kupeza zofunika pamoyo wawo. Iwo ankawotcha nsalu zoluka mobwerezabwereza; Komabe, kukana kwawo sikunaphule kanthu, chifukwa makampaniwo adazindikira ubwino wa makina opangira makina. Pofika 1812, zida za jacquard 11000 zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku France.
Makhadi okhomedwa adapangidwa chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ndipo adapeza ntchito zambiri, kuyambira pa telegraph kupita ku piyano yokhayokha. Ngakhale kuwongolera kwamakina kunasankhidwa ndi makhadi oyambilira, woyambitsa waku America Herman Hollerith adapanga tabulator yamakhadi a electromechanical punch, yomwe idasintha malamulo amasewera. Dongosolo lake linali lovomerezeka mu 1889, pamene anali kugwira ntchito ku US Census Bureau.
Herman Hollerith adayambitsa kampani ya tabulator mu 1896 ndipo adalumikizana ndi makampani ena anayi kuti akhazikitse IBM mu 1924. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, makadi okhomeredwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba pakuyika deta ndi kusunga makompyuta ndi makina olamulira manambala. Mawonekedwe oyambilira ali ndi mizere isanu ya mabowo, pomwe mitundu yotsatila imakhala ndi mizere isanu ndi umodzi, isanu ndi iwiri, isanu ndi itatu kapena kupitilira apo.
Servo makina
Servo makina ndi chipangizo chodziwikiratu, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mayankho olakwika kuti chiwongolere magwiridwe antchito a makina kapena makina. Nthawi zina, servo imalola zida zamphamvu kwambiri kuti ziziwongoleredwa ndi zida zotsika kwambiri. Makina a servo amapangidwa ndi chipangizo cholamulidwa, chipangizo china chomwe chimapereka malamulo, chida chodziwira zolakwika, amplifier yolakwika ndi chipangizo (servo motor) chomwe chimakonza zolakwika. Machitidwe a Servo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira zosintha monga malo ndi liwiro, ndipo zofala kwambiri ndi magetsi, pneumatic kapena hydraulic.
Njira yoyamba yamagetsi ya servo inakhazikitsidwa ndi kalendala ya H. ku Britain mu 1896. Pofika m'chaka cha 1940, MIT inapanga labotale yapadera ya servo, yomwe inachokera ku chidwi chowonjezeka cha Dipatimenti ya zomangamanga zamagetsi ku mutu uwu. Mu CNC Machining, servo dongosolo n'kofunika kwambiri kukwaniritsa kulolerana molondola chofunika ndi basi Machining ndondomeko.
Chida chopangira pulogalamu (APT)
Chida chodzipangira okha (APT) chinabadwa mu servo mechanism Laboratory ya Massachusetts Institute of technology mu 1956. Ndiko kupindula kwa gulu logwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mkulu mlingo mapulogalamu chinenero, amene makamaka ntchito kupanga malangizo CNC makina zida. Mtundu woyambirira udalipo kale kuposa FORTRAN, koma zomasulira zamtsogolo zidalembedwanso ndi Fortran.
Apt ndi chinenero chopangidwa kuti chizigwira ntchito ndi makina oyambirira a MIT a NC, omwe ndi makina oyambirira a NC padziko lapansi. Kenako idapitilira kukhala muyezo wamakina oyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta, ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma 1970. Pambuyo pake, chitukuko cha apt chinathandizidwa ndi asilikali a ndege ndipo potsirizira pake chinatsegulidwa kwa anthu wamba.
Douglas T. Ross, wamkulu wa gulu logwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, amadziwika kuti tate wa apt. Kenako anayambitsa mawu akuti “computer aided design” (CAD).
Kubadwa kwa chiwerengero cha manambala
Asanatulukire zida zamakina a CNC, choyamba ndikukula kwa zida zamakina a CNC ndi zida zoyambira makina a CNC. Ngakhale pali kusiyana pakati pa mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana a mbiri yakale, chida choyamba cha makina a CNC sikungoyankha ku zovuta zenizeni zopangira zomwe asilikali akukumana nazo, komanso chitukuko chachilengedwe cha makina a punch card.
"Kuwongolera pakompyuta ndi chizindikiro cha chiyambi cha kusintha kwachiwiri kwa mafakitale komanso kufika kwa nthawi ya sayansi momwe kuwongolera kwa makina ndi njira zamafakitale kudzasintha kuchoka ku zolembedwa molakwika kukhala zolondola." - Association of kupanga mainjiniya.
Woyambitsa ku America John T. Parsons (1913 - 2007) amadziwika kuti ndi tate wa kuwongolera manambala. Anapanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito luso lowongolera manambala mothandizidwa ndi injiniya wa ndege Frank L. stulen. Monga mwana wa wopanga ku Michigan, Parsons anayamba kugwira ntchito monga osonkhanitsa mu fakitale ya abambo ake ali ndi zaka 14. Pambuyo pake, anali ndi malo opangira mafakitale ambiri pansi pa kampani yopanga bizinesi ya Parsons.
Parsons ali ndi chilolezo choyamba cha NC ndipo adasankhidwa kukhala National Inventors Hall of Fame chifukwa cha ntchito yake yochita upainiya pankhani yowongolera manambala. Parsons ali ndi ma Patent okwana 15, ndipo ena 35 amaperekedwa kubizinesi yake. Gulu la akatswiri opanga zinthu adafunsa Parsons mu 2001 kuti aliyense adziwe nkhani yake momwe amawonera.
Ndondomeko ya NC yoyambirira
1942:john T. Parsons adapangidwa ndi Sikorsky Aircraft kuti apange ma helikopita ozungulira.
1944:chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mapiko a mapiko, imodzi mwa masamba 18 omwe adapanga idalephera, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti woyendetsa ndegeyo afe. Lingaliro la Parsons ndikukhomerera tsamba la rotor ndi chitsulo kuti likhale lolimba ndikusintha guluu ndi zomangira kuti amange gululo.
1946:anthu ankafuna kupanga chida chopangira kuti apange masamba molondola, chomwe chinali chovuta kwambiri komanso chovuta pazochitika panthawiyo. Choncho, Parsons adalemba ntchito injiniya wa ndege Frank stulen ndipo anapanga gulu la akatswiri ndi anthu ena atatu. Stulen adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito makhadi a punch a IBM kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika pa tsambalo, ndipo adabwereka makina asanu ndi awiri a IBM pantchitoyo.
Mu 1948, cholinga chosinthira mosavuta kayendedwe ka zida zamakina odzipangira okha chidakwaniritsidwa m'njira ziwiri zazikulu - poyerekeza ndi kungoyika njira yokhazikika - ndipo ikuchitika m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: kuwongolera kwa tracer ndi kuwongolera digito. Monga tikuonera, woyamba ayenera kupanga chitsanzo thupi la chinthu (kapena osachepera kujambula wathunthu, monga Cincinnati chingwe tracer hydropower foni). Chachiwiri sikumaliza chithunzi cha chinthu kapena gawo, koma kungochifotokoza: masamu masamu ndi malangizo a makina.
1949:gulu lankhondo laku US likufunika thandizo la mapiko olondola kwambiri. Parsons adagulitsa makina ake a CNC ndipo adapambana kontrakiti yamtengo wapatali $200000 kuti akwaniritse.
1949:Parsons ndi stulen akhala akugwira ntchito ndi Snyder machine & tool Corp. kuti apange makina ndipo adazindikira kuti amafunikira ma servo motors kuti makina azigwira ntchito molondola. Parsons adachepetsa makina a servo a "makina opera makadi" ku servo mechanism Laboratory ya Massachusetts Institute of technology.
1952 (May): Parsons adafunsira patent ya "chida chowongolera magalimoto pakuyika zida zamakina". Anapereka patent mu 1958.
1952 (August):poyankha, MIT idafunsira patent ya "manambala control servo system".
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, US Air Force inasaina mapangano angapo ndi Parsons kuti apititse patsogolo luso la makina a NC lopangidwa ndi woyambitsa wake John Parsons. Parsons anali ndi chidwi ndi zoyeserera zomwe zikuchitika mu servo mechanism Laboratory ya MIT ndipo adaganiza kuti MIT ikhale subcontractor mu 1949 kuti ipereke ukadaulo wowongolera zokha. M'zaka zotsatira za 10, MIT idayamba kulamulira ntchito yonseyi, chifukwa masomphenya a "magawo atatu opitilira njira yopitilira" a labotale ya servo adalowa m'malo mwa lingaliro loyambirira la Parsons la "kudula modula". Mavuto nthawi zonse amakhudza luso lazopangapanga, koma nkhani yapaderayi yolembedwa ndi wolemba mbiri David noble yakhala yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yaukadaulo.
1952:MIT adawonetsa lamba wawo wokhala ndi njanji 7, womwe ndi wovuta komanso wokwera mtengo (machubu 250 a vacuum, ma relay 175, m'makabati asanu afiriji).
Makina opangira mphero a MIT a CNC mu 1952 anali hydro Tel, kampani yosinthidwa ya 3-axis Cincinnati mphero.
Pali zolemba zisanu ndi ziwiri zonena za "makina odziwongolera okha, omwe akuyimira kusintha kwasayansi ndiukadaulo komwe kungasinthe tsogolo la anthu" mu nyuzipepala ya "automatic control" ya Scientific American mu Seputembala, 1952.
1955:Ulamuliro wa Concord (wopangidwa ndi mamembala a gulu loyambirira la MIT) adapanga manambala, omwe adalowa m'malo mwa tepi yojambulidwa pamakina a MIT NC ndi owerenga tepi omwe akupangidwa ndi GE.
Kusungirako matepi
1958:Parsons adapeza chilolezo cha US 2820187 ndikugulitsa chilolezo chokhacho kwa Bendix. IBM, Fujitsu ndi magetsi onse adalandira ziphaso zazing'ono atayamba kupanga makina awo.
1958:MIT idasindikiza lipoti la zachuma za NC, zomwe zidatsimikiza kuti makina apano a NC sanapulumutse nthawi, koma adasamutsa anthu ogwira ntchito ku msonkhano wa fakitale kupita kwa anthu omwe adapanga malamba ophulika.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-19-2022